Present Forms

Present Simple
  • ·         Permanent situations or states
  • ·         Permanent truths or laws of nature
  • ·         Repeated/habitual actions
  • ·         Reviews/sports/commentaries/ dramatic narrative “Pavarotti songs wonderfully in this opera”
  • ·         Timetables/programs (future meaning) “The race starts at 3:00”
  • ·         Exclamatory sentences “Here comes the bride”
Expressions: every day/week/month/year, usually, sometimes, always (every day), rarely, never, often, in the morning/evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays

Present Continuous
  • ·         Temporary situations “She is working in Paris this week”
  • ·         Changing or developing situations “Mary is putting on weight”
  • ·         Frequently repeated actions with always, constantly, continually expressing annoyance or criticism “He’s always asking stupid questions”
  • ·         Actions happening at or around the moment of speaking
  • ·         Fixed arrangements in the near future “I’m seeing Rachel tonight”
Expressions: now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always (constantly), still

Present Perfect
  • ·         Recently completed actions “He has cut the grass”
  • ·         Complete past actions connected to the present with stated or unstated time reference “He has sold his car”
  • ·         Personal experiences/changes which have happened “I have learnt a lot this year”
  • ·         Emphasis on number “He has read three novels this week”; “She has interviewed seven students this morning”
Present Perfect Continuous
  • ·         Actions started in the past and continuing up to the present “He has been washing his bike for an hour” (He started and hour ago and he’s still washing it)
  • ·         Past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present “He has been fighting. That’s why he’s got a black eye”
  • ·         To express anger, irritations, annoyance, explanations or criticism “Someone has been lying to me”
  • ·         Present Perfect Continuous is normally used with for, since or how long to put emphasis n duration “She has been waiting since 4 o’clock”
Expressions for Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous: just, ever, never, already, yet (negations and questions), always, how long, so far, recently, since, for, today, this week/month

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